Mitigation of global greenhouse gas emissions from waste: conclusions and strategies from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report. Working Group III (Mitigation).

摘要: Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from post-consumer waste and wastewater are a small contributor (about 3%) to total global anthropogenic GHG emissions. Emissions for 2004-2005 totalled 1.4 Gt CO2-eq year(-1) relative all sectors of 49 [including carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), F-gases normalized according their 100-year warming potentials (GWP)]. The CH4 landfills collectively accounted about 90% sector emissions, or 18% (which were 14% the in 2004). Wastewater N2O CO2 incineration containing fossil (plastics; synthetic textiles) minor sources. Due wide range mature technologies that can mitigate provide public health, environmental protection, sustainable development co-benefits, existing management practices effective mitigation this sector. Current include landfill recovery, improved practices, engineered management. In addition, significant generation is avoided through controlled composting, state-of-the-art incineration, expanded sanitation coverage. Reduced exploitation energy (landfill gas, anaerobic digester biogas) produce an indirect reduction conservation raw materials, resource efficiency, fuel avoidance. Flexible strategies financial incentives expand options achieve goals; local technology decisions influenced by variety factors such as quantity characteristics, cost financing issues, infrastructure requirements including available land area, collection transport considerations, regulatory constraints. Existing studies on costs tend focus baseline. commercial recovery source renewable has been practised at full scale since 1975 currently exceeds 105 Mt year(-1). Although developed countries have largely stabilized, developing increasing more (anaerobic) landfilling implemented; these could be reduced accelerating introduction rates minimization recycling, implementing alternative provided they affordable, effective, sustainable. Aided Kyoto mechanisms Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Joint Implementation (JI), economic potential reducing 2030 estimated > 1000 (or 70% emissions) below 100 US$ t(-1) An 20-30% projected negative 30-50% 130 incinerated than 600 plants. uncertainties with respect consistent national definitions, coordinated international data collection, standardized analysis, field validation models, application life-cycle assessment tools inclusive offsets.