Hammering homoplasy: multiple gains and losses of vibrational sounding in cryptine wasps (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae).

摘要: Many hosts of parasitic wasps are, when attacked, either at an immobile stage, living in a concealed environment, or both, thus making their detection especially difficult. Cryptine ichneumonid often parasitize beetle moth larvae, prepupae even pupae tunnels wood, and many others attack cocooned various states concealment. The structure the antennal tips shows range adaptations least most extreme which appear to be involved locating deeply through vibrational sounding (= echolocation solid media). We show that, within Cryptinae, antenna are modified into hammer-like that is suitable for knocking substrate; this form echo-location typical tribe Cryptini, although it also found few phygadeuontines hemigastrine genus Echthrus. Electron micrographs presented illustrate different degrees modifications subfamily. Comparative analysis using independent contrasts was then used demonstrate statistically significant association between degree hammer development attacking, typically wood-boring, families Cerambycidae Buprestidae. © 2009 Linnean Society London, Biological Journal Society, 2009, 96, 82–102.