Duetting Patterns of Titi Monkeys (Primates, Pitheciidae: Callicebinae) and Relationships with Phylogeny.

摘要: Long-range vocal communication in socially monogamous titi monkeys is mediated by the production of loud, advertising calls form solos, duets, and choruses. We conducted a power spectral analysis duets choruses (simply "duets" hereafter) followed linear discriminant using three acoustic parameters-dominant frequency combined signal, duet sequence duration, pant call rate-comparing coordinated vocalizations recorded from 36 family groups at 18 sites Bolivia, Peru Ecuador. Our identified four distinct duetting patterns: (1) donacophilus pattern, sensu largo, characteristic P. donacophilus, pallescens, olallae, modestus; (2) moloch pattern comprising discolor, toppini, aureipalatii, urubambensis; (3) torquatus exemplified Cheracebus lucifer; (4) distinctive oenanthe, putative member group, which characterized mix broadband narrowband syllables, many are unique to this species. also document sex-related difference bellow-pant phrase combination among taxa sampled lineage. data reveal presumptive taxonomic incoherence illustrated loud both urubambensis oenanthe within lineage, largo. The results discussed light recent reassessments callicebine phylogeny, based on suite genetic studies, potential contribution environmental influences, including habitat acoustics social learning. A better knowledge may impact conservation critically endangered populations, such as vocally Peruvian endemic, San Martin titi, oenanthe.