Testicular biopsy and scrotal exploration in the management of male infertility.

摘要: Testicular biopsy findings in 52 subfertile men were correlated with the clinical findings, semen analyses and hormonal levels. Mild to moderate pathological changes seen 2/3 of cases while 1/3 had severe damage. Almost 3/4 them atrophic testicles up 1/2 varicoceles. In most cases, routine examination, studies could not provide an accurate guide severity lesions. Size alone well worse smaller testes. Biopsy was more precise for assessing oligospermia azoospermia which histology can vary considerably. The pattern varicocele pathnognonomic but maturation arrest common younger patients older tend have sclerosis intraluminal sloughing irrespective grade venous reflux. FSH LH levels only useful when either or both raised than 3 times. Normal be found germinal aplasia arrest. latter, testes often good size; thus diagnosis would made without biopsy. Examination testes, epididymis vasa always done at time indicated, vasography helped elucidate nature site obstruction causing azoospermia. When a present, ligation assessment change prognosis especially additional treatment being considered. greatest value confirmed beyond salvage by histology. This enabled appropriate action taken ie. AID adoption, etc.