Head Injury: Metabolic, Nutritional, and Energy Considerations

摘要: Head injury does not consist of the primary alone, it also includes secondary type injury. Although brain is irreversible, necessarily cause death. Morbidity and mortality often result from Within brain, head effects are mediated by deleterious neurotransmitters such as glutamate, reactive oxygen species (ROS), inflammatory processes governed complement cellular immunity. These damaging in cerebral edema, cell metabolic dysfunction, ultimately death due to energy failure. At systemic level, extensive adaptations immediately follow They include cascade; increase catabolic counterregulatory hormones, catecholamines, glucagon, cortisol; alterations hypothalamic–pituitary feedback mechanism. The consequences whole-body metabolism hypermetabolism, hypercatabolism, hyperglycemia, diminished immunocompetence, altered gastric functioning, increased endothelial permeability. disturbances (in particular protein wasting) lead a dysimmunity, which compromises clinical outcome thereby increases morbidity mortality. So far little attention has been paid nutritional intervention potential treatment However, nutrition may have many interests, among preventing wasting syndrome, preserving immune function, restoring gastrointestinal improving neurological outcome. Despite promising experimental results, there yet sufficient trials make recommendations patients. Therefore, development large mandatory determine nutrient, at dose, would be most appropriate positively influence patients’