Marked phylogeographic structure of Gentoo penguin reveals an ongoing diversification process along the Southern Ocean.

摘要: Abstract Two main hypotheses have been debated about the biogeography of Southern Ocean: (1) Antarctic Polar Front (APF), acting as a barrier between and sub-Antarctic provinces, (2) Circumpolar Current (ACC), promoting gene flow among areas. The Gentoo penguin is distributed throughout these two separated by APF. We analyzed mtDNA (HVR1) 12 microsatellite loci 264 penguins, Pygoscelis papua , from colonies spanning Western Peninsula South Shetland Islands (WAP) to (SAI). While low genetic structure was detected WAP (mtDNA Ф ST  = 0.037–0.133; F  = 0.009–0.063), high differentiation found all SAI populations  = 0.678–0.930;  = 0.110–0.290). These results suggest that contemporary dispersal around Ocean very limited or absent. As predicted, APF appears be significant biogeographical boundary for populations; however, ACC does not promote connectivity in this species. Our data demographic expansion during last glacial maximum (LGM, 20 kya), but stability SAI. Phylogenetic analyses showed deep divergence those Therefore, taxonomy should further revised. Crozet resulted basal clade (3.57 Mya), followed Kerguelen (2.32 Mya) well more recent Falkland/Malvinas (1.27 Mya). Historical isolation, local adaptation, past climate scenarios Evolutionarily Significant Units may led different potentials respond changes.