Bose-Einstein Condensates in Dilute Trapped Atomic Gases

摘要: The static and dynamic behavior of dilute trapped Bose-Einstein condensates at low temperature follows from the Gross-Pitaevskii equation for condensate Bogoliubov equations linearized small-amplitude normal modes. uniform system serves to illustrate theoretical methods much basic physics. principal new effect confining trap is introduce an additional length scale (the size single-particle ground state) energy ground-state energy). Most recent experiments use large condensates, when repulsive interactions expand considerably thus reduce kinetic associated with nonuniform density. In this regime (known as "Thomas-Fermi" limit), can be treated locally uniform, which greatly simplifies analysis. When contains one or more vortex lines, potential local line curvature drive resulting motion. Experiments have confirmed various predicted precessional motions in considerable detail. Mixtures two distinct bosonic species allow coupled dynamical that alter topology original single complex order parameter. particular, application near-resonant electromagnetic fields yields a no longer has quantized circulation. Such experimental techniques created first by spinning up components. introduction optical traps allowed study what are called "spinor" condensates. case, all hyperfine states trapped, contrast common magnetic confine only subset states. rotational invariance interparticle significantly restricts these spinor