FIFTY YEARS OF FOOD AND FORAGING IN MOOSE: LESSONS IN ECOLOGY FROM A MODEL HERBIVORE

摘要: Normal 0 false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 For more than half a century, biologists have intensively studied food habits and forag­ing behavior of moose ( Alces alces ) across their circumpolar range. This focus stems, in part, from the economic, recreational, ecosystem values moose, because they are relatively easy to observe. As result this research effort simple intact ecosystems which often reside, emerged as model herbivore through many key ecological ques­tions been examined. First, dietary specialization has traditionally defined solely based on narrow, realized diet (e.g., obtaining >60% its 1 plant genus). definition not particularly useful understanding adaptations >99% mammalian herbi­vores thus classified generalists. Although consume variety browses range, populations 50-99% diets genus Salix ). Like obligatory herbivores, demonstrated chemistry morphology nearly monospecific diets, precludes them eating large amounts grass forbs. New classifications for niche suggest that fit continuum between facultative special­ists Second, subject early influential models predicting foraging tradeoffs quality quantity plants. Subsequent predicted size stems selected by fast harvest­ing (large twigs) quick digestion (small twigs). Because size, require hours harvest food, selecting bites browse density declines. Finally, long-term monitoring provided evidence how communities regulated. Low reproductive rates population trends shaped forage availability Isle Royale strong bottom-up effect populations. Empirical data simulation may shape own supply, influencing community populations, especially when predators scarce. Likewise, predation is primary fac­tor affecting calf survival Alaska, demonstrating important role top-down factors. Moose will continue provide examining questions such tolerances chemistry, what governs animal movements over landscapes, reciprocal interactions reproduction.