Knowledge and behavioural interventions to reduce human health risk from private groundwater systems: A global review and pooled analysis based on development status

摘要: Groundwater contamination constitutes a significant health risk for private well users residing in rural areas. As the responsibility to safeguard domestic groundwater typically rests with non-expert homeowners, interventions promoting mitigation and awareness represent most viable means of preventing supply contamination. However, no global review or pooled analyses these has been undertaken date. The current study sought identify quantify performance from 1990 2018 via systematised analysis. PICO (Population-Intervention-Comparison-Outcome) approach was employed literature identification. Relevant studies were statistically analysed across two quantitative outcome (performance) types, namely knowledge behaviour, controlling intervention characteristics country development status. Mean behavioural attainment 53% 48%, respectively, economically developed regions exhibiting higher outcomes (56% vs. 45%) than those developing regions. Geographically, located southern southeast Asia (n = 23), North America 15), Central 1) Africa 1), none identified Australia/Oceania, Europe, South America. Behavioural significantly associated presence educational/research coordinator (p 0.023), attaining levels efficacy (+74%) implemented by other types. Findings indicate that instructor-led, practical allied both large- local-scale awareness-raising campaigns an optimum future interventions. Subsequent adoption such may lead increased maintenance provide point reference myriad water communication contexts.