The dental proteome of Homo antecessor

摘要: The phylogenetic relationships between hominins of the Early Pleistocene epoch in Eurasia, such as Homo antecessor, and that appear later fossil record during Middle epoch, sapiens, are highly debated1–5. For oldest remains, molecular study these is hindered by degradation ancient DNA. However, recent research has demonstrated analysis proteins can address this challenge6–8. Here we present dental enamel proteomes H. antecessor from Atapuerca (Spain)9,10 erectus Dmanisi (Georgia)1, two key assemblages have a central role models hominin morphology, dispersal divergence. We provide evidence close sister lineage to subsequent Late hominins, including modern humans, Neanderthals Denisovans. This placement implies modern-like face H. antecessor—that is, similar humans—may considerably deep ancestry genus Homo, cranial morphology represents derived form. By recovering AMELY-specific peptide sequences, also conclude H. antecessor molar fragment analysed belonged male individual. Finally, H. erectus fossils preserve proteome phosphorylation proteolytic digestion occurred vivo tooth formation. Our results important insights into evolutionary other groups, pave way for future studies using investigate biology across existence Homo. Analyses demonstrate Neanderthal Denisovan populations Eurasia.