摘要: Fouling is generally undesirable for most applications (Bhushan in Springer handbook of nanotechnology, 3rd edition. Springer, New York 2010; Encyclopedia vol 1–4. 2012). includes biological fouling (commonly referred to as biofouling) and inorganic fouling. Biofouling the accumulation unwanted matter on surfaces, with biofilms created by microorganisms, macroscale biofouling (simply called macrofouling) macroorganisms. Inorganic that results from non-living particles, deposits dirt, corrosion, crystals, suspended oil, ice.