Integrated Pest Management: The IPM paradigm: concepts, strategies and tactics

摘要: Pests compete with humans for food, fiber and shelter may be found within a broad assemblage of organisms that includes insects, plant pathogens weeds. Some insect pests serve as vectors diseases caused by bacteria, filarial nematodes, protozoans viruses. Densities many are regulated density-independent factors, particularly under fluctuating environmental extremes (e.g. temperature, precipitation). Biotic components pest's life system also important population regulation such interactions predators parasitoids. ecologists have theorized competition (interspecific and/or intraspecific) resources ultimately limits the densities distributions organisms, including those anthropocentrically categorized pests. Historical perspectives Humans been in direct myriad from our ancestral beginnings. Competition food intensified when began to cultivate plants domesticate animals at beginnings agriculture, 10 000 16 years ago (Perkins, 2002; Thacker, Bird, 2003). As became more competent producing crops used fiber, human increase were organized larger groupings villages. This increased concentration close proximity their livestock is believed facilitated mutation spread across species some instances. The earliest attempts agricultural pest control likely very included handpicking crushing pulling or cutting weeds discarding rotting sources.