Measurements of Photospheric and Chromospheric Magnetic Fields

摘要: The Sun is replete with magnetic fields, sunspots, pores and plage regions being their most prominent representatives on the solar surface. But even far away from these active regions, fields are ubiquitous. To a large extent, importance for thermodynamics in photosphere determined by total flux. Whereas low-flux quiet structures shuffled around motion of granules, high-flux areas like sunspots or effectively suppress convection, leading to temperature decrease up 3000 K. conditions higher atmospheric layers, chromosphere corona, indisputable. Magnetic both main coupling agent between outer layers atmosphere, therefore not only involved structuring but also transport energy surface through corona interplanetary space. Consequently, inference photosphere, especially chromosphere, crucial deepen our understanding phenomena such as chromospheric coronal heating, flares mass ejections, fundamental physical topics dynamo theory atomic physics. In this review, we present an overview significant advances during last decades measurement techniques, analysis methods, availability observatories, together some selected results. We discuss problems determining at smallest spatial scales, connected increasing demands polarimetric sensitivity temporal resolution, highlight promising future developments solution.