Multiple windows of colonization to Macaronesia by the dispersal-unspecialized Scrophularia since the Late Miocene

摘要: Abstract Biogeographic hypotheses for the flora of Macaronesia have been subject numerous studies given singularity a complex system Atlantic volcanic islands. Phylogenetic analyses, divergence time estimates and biogeographic reconstructions 10 Scrophularia species subspecies distributed in adjacent regions conducted order to investigate spatio-temporal patterns island colonization. The Colonization Window Hypothesis (CWH) Relictual Series (RSH) proposed by previous authors were tested. Species lineages relationships analyzed based on one nuclear (ITS) three plastid ( trn L- F, psb A- H, Q- rps 16) DNA regions, using Bayesian inference maximum likelihood methods. performed specific maximum-likelihood (DEC) parsimony-based (S-DIVA) Our results supported at least five independent colonization events from W Mediterranean Macaronesian archipelagos lineages. These result long-distance dispersal over sea barriers despite unspecialized diaspores . In addition, history is better explained geographical proximity Macaronesian–W sister groups wide range times.