Shifting Baselines, Marine Reserves, and Leopold's Biotic Ethic

摘要: Different human expectations and environmental ethics are key factors preventing the creation of marine reserve networks. People skeptical about benefits no-take reserves because they have adjusted to scarcity low productive capability ecosystems. Pauly (1995) described this as a shifting baseline in which each generation sets its based on direct experiences discounts previous generations. I show evidence declining Caribbean Nassau grouper landings from Cuba U.S., review common often conflicting types conservation existing North America. No-take can help reestablish resource productivity by restoring past conditions places. Leopold’s biotic ethic provides framework for achieving sustainable use laws ecology self-interest. Because changing usually requires local experience, education, changes ethics, implementing successful networks will probably be slow, incremental process. Establishing restore provide basis providing window vision future. over inherent conflicts between different ethics.