Sex Hormones and Neuromuscular Control System

摘要: There is evidence that females sustain more exercise- related musculoskeletal injuries than males. Sex differences in injury rates are apparent some connective tissues such as ligaments. Although girls and boys have an equal chance of ligament prior to adolescence, a higher rate immediately after maturation (Tursz et al., 1986). Female athletes participating cutting, jumping pivoting sports 4-6 times greater ACL tearing their male counterparts (Arendt 1999). Ligament, tendon, bone endometrium contain estrogen receptors responsive female sex hormones. Estrogen has direct effect on soft tissue strength, muscle function collagen metabolism behavior. It demonstrated the influence endocrinology knee joint behavior, differ substantially type, level periodic exposure circulating hormones puberty. While hormone levels remain fairly constant males, exposed rhythmic fluctuations endogenous during course menstrual cycle. The absolute progesterone varying considerably female’s cycle there variations hormonal levels. At beginning cycle, (E) (P) close minimum Toward middle rises luteal phase both E P increase. Also, indirectly influences neuromuscular system. Neuromuscular patterns males maturation. Males demonstrate power, strength coordination increasing correlate with age maturational stage, whereas show little change throughout (Kellis 1999; Beunen 1988). In females, quadriceps increases you know it can increase tibia anterior translation subsequently injury. reliance hamstring dominant strategy may be protective because agonist prevent displacement femur. shown impaired proprioception assessing motion into extension (Rozzi Significant slowing relaxation also occurs ovulation (estrogen surge) Serum concentrations fluctuate radically measurable effects tendon strength. Moreover central nervous skill performance different phases decrease motor skills premenstrual at late luteal. These data