Insecticide survival and behavioral avoidance in the lacewings Chrysoperla externa and Ceraeochrysa cubana

摘要: Abstract Insecticide impact on non-target species, such as insect predators and parasitoids, is an ever-growing concern in agriculture recent studies have been shifting focus from lethal to sub-lethal effects since they may prevail field conditions, although more difficult assess. Synthetic insecticides are the main concern, but spread of biopesticide use draws attention, particularly botanical insecticide currently – azadirachtin. Here we assessed behavioral response predatory larvae lacewing species Chrysoperla externa Ceraeochrysa cubana two frequently used synthetic insecticides, malathion permethrin, bioinsecticide The recommended concentration led low survival time both contrast with However, all three compounds 100% mortality species. repellence (i.e., avoidance without contact) was similar for azadirachtin a stronger repellent C. , not . In addition, irritability after occurred tested. notion that natural safer than refuted present study, which also detected significant regardless their origin, species-specific elicited by Therefore, bioinsecticides should be exempted risk assessment, neglected when considering potential agriculture.