Parametric Studies on Descriptive Isotherms for the Uptake of Crystal Violet Dye from Aqueous Solution onto Lignin-Rich Adsorbent

摘要: This study investigates (using six error functions criteria) descriptive isotherm models for adsorbing crystal violet dye (CVD) onto lignin extract. The adsorbent (named PTA) was obtained from palm tree trunk and subjected to physiochemical, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analyses. Influences of contact time, dose, particle size, initial CVD concentration temperature were studied. 53.21% yield recorded the adsorbent. SEM images FTIR spectra indicated significant porosity presence in PTA. Average relative error, sum absolute errors normalized confirmed Redlich–Peterson Freundlich isotherms, respectively, as best linear nonlinear models. Gibb’s free energy enthalpy change −1976.89 $$+$$ 105.505 KJ/mol, spontaneous endothermic process. After four regenerations cycles, PTA showed over 80% removal efficiency.