Wing and hindlimb myology of vultures and raptors (Accipitriformes) in relation to locomotion and foraging

摘要: Herein, we compare functional muscle properties among convergent forms of large, obligate avian scavengers. We performed quantitative analyses all the masses and cross-sectional areas (CSA) wings hindlimbs five species from two families, Cathartidae (New World vultures; Cathartes aura Vultur gryphus) Accipitridae (Old vultures raptors; Gyps africanus, Aquila rapax, Buteo lineatus). These comprise paraphyletic groups, raptors (Aquila Buteo) (Gyps, Cathartes, Vultur). Our ordination based on muscles wings, hindlimbs, wing hindlimb combined produced patterns that appeared to be more related phylogeny, with a hint signal in CSA. However, when were grouped according their roles (upstroke, downstroke, stabilization), percentages mass CSA allocated upstroke stabilizing 1.4–5% greater than raptors. Conversely, grasping terrestrial locomotion, 5.9–14% results provide baseline for future lines inquiry aimed at understanding how are affected differentially across locomotor modules, possibly response differential demands function experienced by these disparate accipitriform clades.