Resilience and Transformation in the Red Zone

摘要: Although not generally recognized in policy and research agendas, cases where humans who face disaster, conflict, or stress turn to greening as a source of resilience abound. Such examples cut across organizational scales, demonstrated by the efforts individuals groups youth adults plant gardens trees under harshest conditions, including during war, communities approaching threshold at risk becoming what Norton has referred ‘feral cities’, refugee camps, small villages, major cities. In some instances may have symbolic meaning broad implications for entire nation-states. We provide brief overview term it been used individual level then go into more depth regarding its use scale social-ecological systems, with particular reference crisis settings that open up possibilities transformation desirable states. Whereas we recognize well-documented role adaptation ongoing, relatively changes level, focus on how comes fore when systems – village, city, region dependent natural resource, even whole nation-state undergo transformations following perturbation.