Testing miniaturized electrodes for impedance measurements within the β-dispersion – a practical approach

摘要: Miniaturized electrodes are introduced in life sciences a great number and variety. They often designed for special purpose without the need of quantitative analysis, such as detecting cells or water droplets fluid channel. Other developments aim monitoring single quantity process where all other factors held constant. To use miniaturized measure- ments, their behavior should be known detail stable over time order to allow mathematical correction data meas- ured. Here we show test procedures evaluating macroscopic but also microscopic electrodes. The most important quality parame- ters electrode systems used science impedance, its stability, useful frequency range well limits applied stimulus driving system into non-linear region current/voltage relation. Proper design allows bandwidth from 100 Hz up some MHz impedances ranging decades 50 : several M: .