International trade, and land use intensification and spatial reorganization explain Costa Rica’s forest transition

摘要: While tropical deforestation remains widespread, some countries experienced a forest transition—a shift from net to reforestation. Costa Rica had one of the highest rates in 1980s and is now considered as model environmental sustainability, despite being major producer bananas pineapples. We tested three land use processes that are thought facilitate transitions. First, transitions may be accompanied by displacement through international trade land-based products, which undermine global-scale benefits national protection. Second, reforestation often associated with intensification agriculture forestry, allowing for sparing. Third, this partly result geographical redistribution at sub-national scale better match suitability. These hypotheses were verified Rica's transition. also whether increased mainly regions low ecological value expanded high value. Intensification accounted 76% spared during transition, 32% area corresponding Decreasing meat exports led contraction pastures, freeing an equivalent 80% reforested area. The transition was environmentally beneficial global scale, over 1989–2013 130% displaced abroad imports agricultural products. However, expansion export-oriented cropland caused most ecologically valuable Rica. Moreover, wood extraction plantations produce pallets needed export fruits. This highlights importance multi-scale analysis when evaluating causes impacts national-scale