Towards an Institutional Approach to Payments for Ecosystem Services: Perspectives from Two Nicaraguan Cases

摘要: Based on empirical evidence from two Nicaraguan case studies, we scrutinise the PES approach both a supply and demand-side perspective. First, our analysis of silvopastoral project suggests that combination economic non-economic factors motivated farmers to adopt envisaged practices. The second study assesses local willingness pay for watershed services. Despite existence demand improved water services consciousness upstream-downstream interdependencies, feasibility locally financed system is undermined by perceptions agricultural externalities entitlements. We conclude narrow market-based may not adequately explain typically complex dynamics operating in field. A more flexible recognising outcomes institutional interplay be appropriate.