作者: K. T. Dolder
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-3545-0_9
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摘要: Dense gases or plasmas obey the laws of equilibrium thermodynamics and their properties can be discussed without recourse to atomic physics. Temperatures, for example, deduced from measurements radiated energy simply by applying Stefan’s law. But laboratory plasmas, stellar planetary atmospheres are greatest practical interest they rarely, if ever, in full thermodynamic equilibrium. We therefore require details all relevant processes construct theoretical models deduce plasma observations.