Surgery of the Mind, Mood, and Conscious State: An Idea in Evolution

摘要: Since the beginning of recorded history, humans have sought a physical means altering disordered behavior and consciousness. This quest has spawned numerous innovations in neurosurgery neurosciences, from earliest prehistoric attempts at trepanation to electrocortical anatomic localization cerebral function that emerged 19th century. At start 20th century, overwhelming social impact psychiatric illness intersected with novel but imperfect understanding frontal lobe function, establishing decades-long venture into modern origin psychosurgery, prefrontal lobotomy. The subsequent ethical ramifications widespread overuse transorbital lobotomies drove psychosurgery near extinction. However, as pharmacologic treatment was established, concomitant technical neuroscientific permitted incremental development new paradigm treating mind. In this article, we retrospectively examine these early origins then look recent past, present, future for emerging trends surgery psyche. Recent decades seen revolution minimalism, noninvasive imaging, functional manipulation human cerebrum created opportunities modalities disorders mind mood. Early contemporary efforts were directed focal lesioning abnormal pathways, deep-brain stimulation now aims reversibly alter modulate those neurologic activities responsible not only disorders, also even augment consciousness, memory, other elements function. As tools become available, medical promises revolutionize neurosurgery, humans' capability positively impacting life society.