The alcohol dependence concept is not as useful for science as it is for practice.

Harold Kalant, What neurobiology cannot tell us about addiction. Addiction. ,vol. 105, pp. 780- 789 ,(2010) , 10.1111/J.1360-0443.2009.02739.X

G Edwards, M M Gross, Alcohol dependence: provisional description of a clinical syndrome. BMJ. ,vol. 1, pp. 1058- 1061 ,(1976) , 10.1136/BMJ.1.6017.1058

John A. Cunningham, Jim McCambridge, Is alcohol dependence best viewed as a chronic relapsing disorder Addiction. ,vol. 107, pp. 6- 12 ,(2012) , 10.1111/J.1360-0443.2011.03583.X

Lara A Ray, Christopher W Kahler, Diane Young, Iwona Chelminski, Mark Zimmerman, The Factor Structure and Severity of DSM-IV Alcohol Abuse and Dependence Symptoms in Psychiatric Outpatients Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. ,vol. 69, pp. 496- 499 ,(2008) , 10.15288/JSAD.2008.69.496

A. Thomas McLellan, Have we evaluated addiction treatment correctly? Implications from a chronic care perspective. Addiction. ,vol. 97, pp. 249- 252 ,(2002) , 10.1046/J.1360-0443.2002.00127.X

Cathy A. Simpson, Jalie A. Tucker, The recovery spectrum: from self-change to seeking treatment. Alcohol Research & Health. ,vol. 33, pp. 371- 379 ,(2011)

Howard J. Ehrlich, E. M. Jellinek, The Disease Concept of Alcoholism. American Sociological Review. ,vol. 24, pp. 310- ,(1961) , 10.2307/2090702

Promoting Self-Change From Addictive Behaviors Springer US. ,(2007) , 10.1007/978-0-387-71287-1

E. M. Jellinek, The disease concept of alcoholism. Hillhouse Press. ,(1960) , 10.1037/14090-000