Avoidance motivation and choking under pressure in soccer penalty shootouts
作者： Geir Jordet , Esther Hartman
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摘要: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between shot valence, avoidance behavior, and performance in soccer penalty shootouts. Video analyses were conducted with all shootouts ever held World Cup, European Championships, UEFA Champions League (n = 36 shootouts, 359 kicks). Shot valence assessed from potential consequences a outcome as follows: Shots where goal instantly leads victory classified positive shots miss loss negative shots. Avoidance behavior defined looking away goalkeeper or preparing quickly (thus speeding up wait). results showed that occurred more than players performed worse those Thus, motivation may help explain why professional athletes occasionally choke under pressure.
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