TRANSPORT AND HEALTH: ASSESSING THE RISKS

摘要: This chapter examines some of the epidemiological evidence health risks in relation to transport patterns, associated research difficulties, and how use results predict aggregate risk other populations. It focuses on hazards from cars, which dominate world's urban transport. Adverse impacts cars include those resulting air pollution exhaust emissions, road trauma accidents, noise, disruption social relations neighbourhoods. The adverse effects photochemical smog (ozone nitrogen dioxide) carbon monoxide are described. Methodological issues estimating discussed, with special reference acute long-term effects. A chart displays role quantitative assessment (QRA) as an input making policy about assessing managing public risk. four-point approach QRA is outlined. Two examples application discussed: (1) lung cancer; (2) impact exposure lead air.