A model for vehicle-induced non-tailpipe emissions of particles along Swedish roads

摘要: Abstract One of the most important parameters that controls suspension road dust particles in air is surface moisture. This calculated every hour from a budget equation takes into account precipitation, evaporation and runoff. During wet conditions layer built up wear which strongly depends on use studded tyres sanding. The reduced during dry by due to vehicle-induced turbulence. also wash-off precipitation. Direct non-tailpipe vehicle emissions tear surface, brakes are accounted for traditional way as constant emission factors expressed mass emitted per kilometre. model results compared with measurements both narrow street canyon city centre Stockholm an open highway outside city. able main features day-to-day mean PM10 variability highway. A peak concentration typically observed late winter early spring Nordic countries where used. behaviour combination factors: frequent roads, high number cars accumulated increases particles. study shows using factor or relating NOx cannot be used prediction variations concentrations traffic environments studied here. needs describe load, wetness how interacts these processes.