Integrated multi-objective membrane systems application of reverse osmosis at the Amsterdam Water Supply

摘要: Within the scope of a project funded by AWWARF and USEPA three very promising IMS's were identified for surface water treatment. This paper will cover some highlights research carried out Amsterdam Water Supply (AWS) Kiwa on combination biological activated carbon filtration, slow sand filtration (ultra low pressure) reverse osmosis. Primary objectives this IMS study are restriction (bio)fouling, productivity control, disinfection removal DBP-precursors. To prevent fouling two pretreatment schemes tested. The reference scheme consisting coagulation, sedimentation, rapid lowered MFI to 2 s/l2. alternative extended with ozonation before 1 Biofouling was characterized AOC biofilm formation rate. Average values (<10 μg/l) rates lower than standard biologically stable drinking water. After 9 months operation no significant membrane observed. For both pretreatments only slight flux decline observed during period nine operation. No increase in pressure drop an initial first little occurred. RO pretreated (reference scheme) still showed (small) after test period. decline, additional (alternative operated at nearly constant MTC. Disinfection integrity tested MS2 phage spiking resulting capacity 3.4 log units. Because their larger size other micro-organisms should be least equal. However, direct cell counts heterotrophic plate efficiency found. might due regrowth installation permeate side. DBP-precursor content low. Cl2 demand twice as high scheme. treatments below detection limit. It is concluded that Leiduin reliable. Fouling manageable constant. dosing phages shows acceptable removal. DBP-precursors removed limits ultra membranes.