A review of ground movements due to civil and mining engineering operations

摘要: Abstract Man’s activity frequently causes ground movements which then may present him with problems. The most notable examples of are provided by the mining industry in form subsidence. Mining broad sense includes removal material from and that be solid, liquid or gas. Indeed some largest subsidences recorded have been association abstraction oil groundwater, instances having occurred where surface has lowered several metres over large areas. In Britain catastrophic attributable to exploitation brine Cheshire. construction is also responsible for generating movements, admittedly usually on a small scale. For example, deep excavation reduction vertical horizontal pressure thereby can induce heave base excavation, together inward both up down, surrounding ground. Significant occur at an appreciable distance noticeably larger than movements. important factor governs magnitude movement type involved. Ground develop as result tunnelling, particularly soft ground, resemble those associated longwall coal. Induced seismicity provides further instance action giving rise this case, noteworthy reservoir loading permeation water into Small scale seismic events activity.