Aquaculture environment interactions: Past, present and likely future trends

摘要: The two-way interactions of aquaculture and the environment are diverse complex. Three major questions addressed: what happened in past, today's trends, may future hold? Traditional is mostly environmentally compatible as it mainly uses on-farm locally available wastes by-products such crop residues animal or human manures for nutritional inputs natural food open water culture-based fisheries mollusk seaweed farming systems. Wastes, were only sources most farmed aquatic organisms past before relatively recent increasing use pelleted feed modern aquaculture, leading to environmental concerns. Environmental aspects intensification their relation ecosystems agro-ecosystems inland terrestrial aquatic, coastal/offshore, land- water-scapes reviewed. Aquaculture increasingly being adversely impacted by pollution from agricultural, domestic industrial pollution. issues illustrated case studies traditional practice temperate tropical coastal areas. Promising technologies that employ principles contribute sustainability outlined. There does not appear be a panacea sustainable on horizon meet demand food. This more likely met through improvements existing technology, including combining with practice; better management practices (BMPs); site selection so remains within carrying capacity bodies; efficient land water, which than crops poor agro-ecosystems. Inland especially ponds, continue dominate global production.