From constraint to sufficiency: The decoupling of energy and carbon from human needs, 1975–2005

摘要: Abstract We investigate the relationship between human needs, energy consumption and carbon emissions for several indicators of development: life expectancy, literacy, income Human Development Index. find that high development can be achieved at moderate levels; increasing past this level does not necessarily contribute to higher living standards. By conducting a novel longitudinal analysis from 1975 2005, we observe previously undetected decoupling per capita required needs. If resources were equally distributed, current levels would more than sufficient satisfy global needs development. projecting trends 2030, demonstrate will decrease with time, despite growth in population.