Development of Energy Models for Production Systems and Processes to Inform Environmentally Benign Decision-Making

摘要: Between 2008 and 2035 global energy demand is expected to grow by 53%. While most industry-level analyses of manufacturing in the United States (U.S.) have traditionally focused on high consumers such as petroleum, chemical, paper, primary metal, food sectors, remaining sectors account for majority establishments U.S. Specifically, participating Energy Information Administration's Manufacturing Consumption Survey 2006, non-energy intensive still consumed 4*10^9 GJ energy, i.e., one-quarter which enough power 98 million homes a year. The increasing use renewable sources introduction energy-efficient technologies operations support advancement towards cleaner future, but having good understanding how systems processes function can reduce environmental burden even further. To facilitate this, methods are developed model across three hierarchical levels: production equipment, factory operations, industry; these used accurately assess current state provide effective recommendations further consumption.First, consumption equipment characterized machine operators product designers with viable estimate impact phase product. tested found an average accuracy 97% requiring machining variable material removal rate profile. However, changing alone will not result optimal solution since machines part larger system. Which use, schedule runs while accounting idle time, design layout production, parameters m decisions affect much utilized during production. Therefore, at facility level methodology presented implementing priority queuing mix discrete event simulation environment. A baseline case alternative designs suggested, lead savings approximately 9%.At industry level, facilities drive, process heating, HVAC. Numerous studies HVAC data often limited its entirety companies lack appropriate sensors track it hesitant release this information confidentiality purposes. Without detailed about sites, scope cannot be adequately defined. breakdown presented, well study assessing electrical consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, their associated costs, labor costs selected sites States, Japan, Germany, China, India.By presenting models assessments industry, dissertation provides comprehensive assessment trends recommends that beyond industries contribute future.