Earliest known rugosan-stromatoporoid symbiosis from the Llandovery of Estonia (Baltica)

摘要: A stromatoporoid, Petridiostroma simplex, from the Llandovery of Estonia was infested by numerous rugosan endobiotic symbionts species Petrozium losseni (Dybowski, 1874). These rugosans presumably benefitted stable growth substrate provided stromatoporoid. The effects on stromatoporoid are not known, but it is possible that they reduced its feeding efficiency. relatively thick skeletons could indicate a short evolutionary history for this symbiotic association. elevation symbionts' apertures above host may have been to achieve advantage if and competed nutrients. This record others suggest complex ecological interactions such as symbiosis were common among macroscopic invertebrates Ordovician–Silurian mass extinction recovery fauna.