Anxiety and psychological management of heart disease and heart surgery.

摘要: Anxiety is associated with many forms and facets of heart disease, and, by extension, neurologic manifestations disease. Despite its seeming self-evidence, anxiety challenging to consistently define, measure, operationalize in the context medical research. Various diagnostic nosologies have been defined refined over time, but also a universal human experience that may be "normal" circumstances, particularly face major issues. For these other reasons, research on disease mixed, incomplete, often characterized questions causality. Nonetheless, broad body literature has established clear connections between vascular risk factors, cardiac surgery. These relationships are intuitive, suggesting, for example, chronic activation sympathetic nervous system increased However, they sometimes complexly reciprocal or even surprising (e.g., high-anxiety individuals found better outcomes some conditions virtue seeking evaluation treatment earlier). This chapter reviews construct complexities, associations treatments anxiety, concluding about their optimal management still need answered.