The impact of natural and anthropogenic processes on the evolution of closed depressions in loess areas. A multi-proxy case study from Nałęczów Plateau, Eastern Poland

摘要: Abstract Closed depressions are reported in loess landscapes various parts of Europe. The anthropogenic and natural origin closed is highly debated literature. an important component the landscape areas Lublin Upland. Furthermore, they perform role local sediment basins, creating unique conditions for preservation soils colluvial sediments, along with record evolution Holocene landscape, occurring under influence climate changes human activity. study objective was to evaluate contribution processes influencing depressions. Naleczow Plateau composed loess, whose thickness varies from a few meters > 30 m. 1761 have been documented within (493 km 2 ). A detailed investigation conducted selected depression, dissected by deep long road trench. studied form 40 m long, 26 m wide 0.7 m deep. analyzed exposure; 20 m 7 m high, presents cross-section depression. Fieldwork subsequent laboratory analyses were conducted: morphological, micromorphological, microstructural, geochemical, physico-chemical, OSL 14 C dating. Archaeological historical correlations also performed. primary bottom slopes depression situ, overlain Late Glacial-Holocene fossil soil. Periglacial structures, such as deformed ice-wedge pseudomorphs, cracks lenses macro-structures palaeosol at filled Neoholocene soil-sediment sequences consisting layers separated subfossil They constitute two stages CD infillings Holocene, connected agricultural activity, lasting Neolithic up modern times. analysis soil sediments made it possible distinguish influenced changing environmental during Glacial Holocene.