Methods for biogeochemical studies of Sea Ice: The State of the art, caveats and recommendations

摘要: Over the past two decades, with recognition that ocean’s sea-ice cover is neither insensitive to climate change nor a barrier light and matter, research in biogeochemistry has accelerated significantly, bringing together multi-disciplinary community from variety of fields. This disciplinary diversity contributed wide range methodological techniques approaches studies, complicating comparisons results development conceptual numerical models describe important biogeochemical processes occurring sea ice. Almost all chemical elements, compounds, relevant Earth system science are measured ice, published methods available for determining biomass, pigments, net production, primary bacterial activity, macronutrients, numerous natural anthropogenic organic trace reactive inert gases, sulfur species, carbon dioxide parameters, stable isotopes, water-ice-atmosphere fluxes liquids, solids. For most these measurements, multiple sampling processing available, but date there been little intercomparison or intercalibration between methods. In addition, researchers collect different types ancillary data document their samples differently, further confounding studies. These problems compounded by heterogeneity which even adjacent cores can have dramatically compositions. We recommend that, future investigations, design programs based on nested patterns, core suite employ standard approach sample identification documentation. exercises critically needed measurements nutrients, dissolved particulate matter (including exopolymers), CO2 system, air-ice gas fluxes, aerosol production. also encourage situ probes robust enough long-term deployment particularly biological other gases.