Structural Change in Finnish and Russian Countrysides: a Comparative Analysis of Two Different Types of Society

摘要: Leo Granberg ‒ Professor, Aleksanteri Institute, University of Helsinki. Address: P.O. Box 46, 00014 Helsinki, Finland. E-mail: leo.granberg@helsinki.fiThis article compares the structural changes in Russian countryside to those Finnish two three decades earlier. The focus is first on institutional and then local reactions national political efforts mitigate changes; finally state civil society discussed. In Russia, infrastructure broke down 1990s activities agriculture rural communities were severely limited. Finland worked well but type agriculture-small farming-could not be reproduced modernizing environment 1960s later. To analyse social reactions, Albert Hirschman’s concepts ‘exit, voice loyalty’, are applied. experienced protests an exit from countryside, while Russia exited inwards. Soon after occurrence this crisis, measures taken Finland, however, a more thorough-going change policy took decades, about as long Russia. One basic difference these experiences that was, still, lacking any system strategic development level society. such was adopted during EU accession. However, some experiments under way regions.