The electrochemical reactions of pure indium with Li and Na: Anomalous electrolyte decomposition, benefits of FEC additive, phase transitions and electrode performance

摘要: Abstract Indium thin films were evaluated as an anode material for Li-ion and Na-ion batteries (theoretical capacities of 1012 mAh g −1 Li 467 mAh g Na). XRD data reveal that several known Li–In phases (LiIn, 3 In 2 , LiIn 13 ) form providing 950 mAh g reversible capacity. contrast, the reaction with Na is severely limited (75–125 mAh g ). short-circuited cells (40 h at 65 °C) show coexistence NaIn, In, unknown x phase. electrodes exhibit anomalous electrolyte decomposition characterized by large discharge plateaus at 1.4 V vs Li/Li + 0.9 V Na/Na . The presence 5 wt% fluoroethylene carbonate additive suppresses occurrence during first cycle but does not necessarily prevent it upon further cycling. Prevention can be achieved restricting (dis)charge voltages, increasing current or using larger amounts FEC. native surface oxides (In O are responsible pronounced while other 3+ species subsequent cycles. We also indium very high rate capability both (100 C-rate) (30 C-rate).