Clarifying the TNM staging of rectal cancer in the context of modern imaging and neo-adjuvant treatment: 'y''u' and 'p' need 'mr' and 'ct'.

摘要: Recent developments in cross-sectional imaging, particularly computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging have provided increasingly accurate noninvasive preoperative staging, especially for rectal cancer. Image-based TNM by definition a pathological system, has entered both the literature everyday usage with no universal agreement as to exact terminology. Clarification of current terminology suggestions reflect recent are outlined facilitate multidisciplinary team decision processes objective stratification entry to, monitoring of, future clinical trials