To work or not to work: Neural representation of cost and benefit of instrumental action.

摘要: By definition, instrumental actions are performed in order to obtain certain goals. Nevertheless, the attainment of goals typically implies obstacles, and response vigor is known reflect an integration subjective benefit cost. Whereas several brain regions have been associated with cost/benefit ratio decision-making, trial-by-trial fluctuations motivation not well understood. We review recent evidence supporting motivational implications signal mesocorticolimbic system. As extension “set-point” theories action, we propose that determined by a rapid signals value cost on basis giving rise online estimate utility. Critically, posit key nodes network can predict deviations variability behavior be accounted for models devised from optimal control theory, which incorporate effortful noise. Notwithstanding, post hoc analysis signaling dynamics has caveats effectively addressed future research help two novel fMRI imaging techniques. First, adaptive paradigms used establish time–order relationship, prerequisite causality, using observed as triggers stimulus presentation. Second, real-time neurofeedback employed induce predefined states may facilitate or aspects actions. Ultimately, understanding temporal networks subserving holds promise targeted interventions could readjust balance behavior.