Mechanics of sound production in toads of the genus Bufo: passive elements.

摘要: The vibration mechanics of the vocal tracts over 40 species toads (genus Bufo) were studied, using an apparatus to artificially activate larynges freshly killed animals. effects laryngeal ablations on mating and release calls studied. They confirmed results obtained by artificial activation. call dominant frequencies are determined primarily fundamental paired cords. Vocal cord resonant in turn largely activation air pressure masses cartilagenous deposits their lateral portions. In most species, fleshy folds within larynx at anterior extremities arytenoid cartilages cause these vibrate during sound production, amplitude modulating output. contraction pattern musculature is reflected as a periodic pulsation. Frequency modulations (or carrier) frequency described, partially explained, deemphasized importance with respect toad acoustical communication. findings this investigation made relevant overall problem structure evolution communication use analogy standard AM radio broadcast.