Influencing the future: interactions of skeleton, energy, protein and calcium during late gestation and early lactation

摘要: Marked improvements in milk production, health and reproduction have resulted from manipulations of the pre-calving diet. An understanding underlying physiological changes resulting manipulation late gestational diets is needed order to refine enhance these responses. The physiology gestation early lactation dairy cow examined context exploring hypothesis that occur not only through homeostatic, but also homeorhetic change. Studies mice man identified a pivotal role for skeleton, particularly production active forms osteocalcin, integrating energy metabolism. Skeleton appears influence lipid metabolism vice versa. Further insights into factors influencing skeletal function calcium (Ca) are emerging, including potential negative dietary cation anion difference (DCAD) upregulate responses skeleton increased bone mobilisation enhancing parathyroid hormone. rumen be an important site absorption Ca, mechanisms this uptake clear. We provide quantitative evidence magnitude reflect relationships linking Ca metabolism, using meta-analytic methods. Negative DCAD increase multiparous cattle, heifers. Further, examination concentrations metabolites related obtained cattle exposed diet over calving dominant concentrations, which were associated with blood-free fatty acids (NEFA), blood 3-hydroxybutyrate, glucose cholesterol. These occurring on same day, NEFA being significantly 21 days. findings consistent those murine models. However, significant transition period future performance as hormonal treatments, metabolic demands sex conceptus, inflammation controlling play performance. Homeorhetic, longer-term, adaptive critical achieving orchestrated longer-term lactation. consider teleological question ‘why would bone-specific hormone (osteocalcin) regulate metabolism?’ answered by specific needs integrated address extreme many species.