SYSTEMATICS OF PARROTS

摘要: Summary Parrots comprise such an homogenous and natural order of birds that it has proved difficult to find substantial characters with which subdivide them further. The classification, based largely on external morphology, Salvadori proposed in 1891 been the main source for almost all subsequent arrangements, however, are inconsistent number divisions genera composing divisions. The present paper is attempt reconcile different arrangements by demonstrating instances convergence suggesting several additional features may have use as systematic indicators. The following anatomical, morphological ethological considered: tongue, hyoid bone, bill, intestine, gall-bladder, carotid artery neonate chick, furcula, skull rump feathers, exposed epidermis, irides, erectile sexual dimorphism, colour immature males, copulatory patterns, epigamic agonistic display, nesting, foliage-bathing, rain-bathing, bathing, sunning head-scratching; evidence hybridization also discussed. Convergence demonstrated ground feeding forms structure, loss furcula indirect head-scratching behaviour. The proposed: Platycercinae (Platycercini, Cacatuini, Nestorini, Strigopini); Loriinae (Loriini, Psittrichasini, Psittaculini, Micropsittini, Psittaculirostrini); Arinae (Arini); Psittacinae (Psittacini). Although this arrangement very its larger groupings from any previous system, closely agrees constituent smaller groups.