Models for forest ecosystem management: a European perspective.

摘要: † Background Forest management in Europe is committed to sustainability. In the face of climate change and accompanying risks, however, planning order achieve this aim becomes increasingly challenging, underlining need for new innovative methods. Models potentially integrate a wide range system knowledge present scenarios variables important any decision. past, model development has mainly focused on specific purposes whereas today we are aware whole information that can be provided by models. It therefore assumed helpful review various approaches available tasks discuss how they used future strategies. Scope Here develop concept role models forest ecosystem based historical analyses. Five paradigms identified: (1) multiple uses, (2) dominant use, (3) environmentally sensitive (4) full approach (5) eco-regional perspective. An overview given dedicated purpose developments different kinds approaches. discussed these contribute goal setting, decision support guidelines forestry operations. Furthermore, it shown scenario analysis, including stand landscape visualization, depict alternatives, make long-term consequences options transparent, ease participation stakeholder groups education. Conclusions our opinion, current challenge from temporal spatial scales disciplines. For purpose, using set with focus selected kind toolbox according particular needs more promising than developing one overarching model, covering ecological, production issues equally well.