Parthenogenesis in Hexapoda: Entognatha and non‐holometabolous insects

摘要: In hexapods, unlike the majority of animals, development without fertilization is a common phenomenon. They evolved striking diversity unisexual reproductive types that include variety modes starting from spontaneous parthenogenesis in females to production impaternate males with different variants between. Many reports about parthenogenetic species have accumulated over time. Here, we present review various hexapod groups particular focus on their chromosome systems and ploidy level. We show conclusions mode often lack solid evidence sometimes inefficiently demonstrate how maintained corresponding groups. this review, basal hexapods (Protura, Collembola, Diplura), primarily wingless insect (‘Apterygota’) non-holometabolous insects are listed references modes.