Where are Cultural and Social in Ecosystem Services? A Framework for Constructive Engagement

摘要: A focus on ecosystem services (ES) is seen as a means for improving decisionmaking. In the research to date, valuation of material contributions ecosystems human well-being has been emphasized, with less attention important cultural ES and nonmaterial values. This gap persists because there no commonly accepted framework eliciting tangible values, characterizing their changes, including them alongside other in Here, we develop such practice, addressing three challenges: (1) Nonmaterial values are ill suited characterization using monetary methods; (2) it difficult unequivocally link particular changes socioecological systems benefits; (3) benefits associated many services, not just ES. There magic bullet, but our may facilitate fuller more socially acceptable integrations information into planning management.