Ecology and Ecotoxicology

摘要: The article contains sections titled: 1. Ecology and Environment 1.1. Humans Environment 1.2. Scope of Ecology Ecotoxicology 2. Principles Environmental Chemistry 2.1. Structure Dynamics Terrestrial Ecological Systems 2.1.1. Structure Communities Ecosystems 2.1.1.1. Description Community Structure 2.1.1.2. Successions 2.1.1.3. Patch Dynamics 2.1.2. Water Balance Ecosystems 2.1.2.1. Precipitation Interception 2.1.2.2. Infiltration Surface Runoff 2.1.2.3. Deep Drainage 2.1.2.4. Soil Water 2.1.3. Energy Ecosystems 2.1.3.1. Net Radiation 2.1.3.2. Soil Heat Flow 2.1.3.3. Sensible Flow in the Lower Atmosphere 2.1.3.4. Latent Flux 2.1.3.5. Efficiency Photosynthesis 2.1.4. Nutrient Cycles Productivity Aquatic Ecosystems 2.1.4.1. Nutrients 2.1.4.2. Nutrient Cycling Ecosystems 2.1.4.3. Productivity Ecosystems 2.2. Terrestrial, Lotic, Lentic, Wetland Ecotones 2.2.1. Terrestrial Lotic Ecotones 2.2.2. Lentic Ecotones 2.3. Sensitivity Ecosystems Ecotones 2.3.1. Different Notions Stability 2.3.2. Biodiversity Stability Model Communities 2.3.3. Stability-Oriented Biodiversity Analyses Real Communities 2.3.4. Nondemographic Measures Stability 2.3.5. Sensitivity Ecosystems 2.3.5.1. Reactions to Stress 2.3.5.2. Sensitivity Different Stressors 2.3.5.3. Sensitivity “Global Change” 2.3.6. Sensitivity Ecotones 2.3.7. Stability Resilience Evolution 2.3.8. Appraisal 2.4. Exposure Effect Criteria Chemicals 2.4.1. Equilibrium Constants for Chemical Distribution 2.4.2. Kinetic Processes 2.4.2.1. Hydrolysis 2.4.2.2. Photolysis 2.4.2.3. Oxidation Reduction 2.4.2.4. Sorption Ion Exchange 2.4.2.5. Biotransformation 2.4.2.6. Chemical Structure Biodegradation 2.4.2.7. Bioconcentration, Bioaccumulation, Magnification 3. Ecotoxicology 3.1. Exposure Assessment 3.1.1. Release Estimation 3.1.2. Elimination 3.1.3. Dispersion 3.1.4. Local Regional Concentration Estimates 3.1.4.1. PEC Estimates Air Compartment 3.1.4.2. PEC Soil Subsoil 3.1.4.3. Variogram Analysis 3.1.4.4. Modeling Distribution Subsoil 3.1.4.5. PEC Compartments 3.2. Effects Assessment 3.2.1. Test Systems Ecosystems 3.2.1.1. Level 0 3.2.1.2. Level 1 3.2.1.3. Level 2 3.2.1.4. PNEC Values Assessment Factors 3.2.2. Testing Strategies Ecosystems 3.2.2.1. PNEC Subsoil 3.2.2.2. Complex Modeling Vegetation Damage 3.2.2.3. Statistical Analysis Forest Dieback 3.2.3. Impact Xenobiotics on Ecosystems 3.2.3.1. Approaches Methods Studying Impact Life 3.2.3.2. Behavior Environment their Influence Organisms Indirectly Humans 3.2.3.3. Impact Pelagic Benthic Biocenoses 3.2.3.4. Ecological Risk Xenobiotics 3.2.4. Testing Approaches Atmospheric Effects 3.2.5. Appraisal 3.3. State Art Ecotoxicology 3.3.1. Characteristics Ecotoxicological Models 3.3.2. Classification Models 3.3.3. An Overview: Application Models Ecotoxicology 3.3.4. Ecotoxicological Processes 3.3.5. Parameter Estimation 3.3.6. Fugacity Models 4. Appendix 5. Acknowledgement