Hypochloraemia in Patients with Heart Failure: Causes and Consequences

摘要: Hypochloraemia is a common electrolyte abnormality in patients with heart failure (HF). It has strong association adverse outcome regardless of HF phenotype and independent other prognostic markers. How hypochloraemia develops patient how it might influence are not clear, this review we explore the possible mechanisms. Patients almost invariably take higher doses loop diuretic than normal chloride levels. However, renal bicarbonate homeostasis closely linked, latter may be influenced by neurohormonal activation: likely that etiology multifactorial due to more just diuretic-induced urinary losses. There multiple proposed mechanisms which low concentrations lead an HF: increasing renin release; stimulatory effect on with-no-lysine kinases increase sodium-chloride co-transporter activity; myocardial conduction contractility. None these proven humans HF. if true, suggest therapeutic target amenable treatment acetazolamide or supplementation.